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For every agent, arrow widths and percentages indicate the relative prominence of the respective effect as expressed by the number of observations extracted from the analysed literature supporting it. The central panel displays the aggregate result over all disturbance agents. Direct effects are unmediated impacts of climate on disturbance processes, while indirect effects describe a climate influence on disturbances through effects on vegetation and other ecosystem processes. Interaction effects refer to the focal agent being influenced by other disturbance agents. Image credits: David R. Frazier Photolibrary/Alamy Stock Photo (fire); PhotoDisc/Getty Images/Don Farrell (drought); Chris Warham/Alamy Stock Photo (wind); Royalty-Free/Corbis (snow and ice); Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo (insects); and Naturepix/Alamy Stock Photo (pathogens).

Journal: Nature climate change

Article Title: Forest disturbances under climate change

doi: 10.1038/nclimate3303

Figure Lengend Snippet: For every agent, arrow widths and percentages indicate the relative prominence of the respective effect as expressed by the number of observations extracted from the analysed literature supporting it. The central panel displays the aggregate result over all disturbance agents. Direct effects are unmediated impacts of climate on disturbance processes, while indirect effects describe a climate influence on disturbances through effects on vegetation and other ecosystem processes. Interaction effects refer to the focal agent being influenced by other disturbance agents. Image credits: David R. Frazier Photolibrary/Alamy Stock Photo (fire); PhotoDisc/Getty Images/Don Farrell (drought); Chris Warham/Alamy Stock Photo (wind); Royalty-Free/Corbis (snow and ice); Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo (insects); and Naturepix/Alamy Stock Photo (pathogens).

Article Snippet: Image credits: David R. Frazier Photolibrary/Alamy Stock Photo (fire); PhotoDisc/Getty Images/Don Farrell (drought); Chris Warham/Alamy Stock Photo (wind); Royalty-Free/Corbis (snow and ice); Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo (insects); and Naturepix/Alamy Stock Photo (pathogens). fig ft0 fig mode=article f1 fig/graphic|fig/alternatives/graphic mode="anchored" m1 Open in a separate window Figure 2 caption a7 caption a8 Interactions between forest disturbance agents. a , The sector size in the outer circle indicates the distribution of interactions over agents, while the flows through the centre of the circle illustrate the relative importance of interactions between individual agents (as measured by the number of observations reporting on the respective interaction).

Techniques: